Historical Fires Induced Deforestation in Relict Scots Pine Forests during the Late 19th Century

Pine processionary caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa as a new threat for relict Mediterranean Scots pine forests under climatic warming

The wide distribution of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Europe includes two relict populations in southern Spain (Sierra Nevada and Sierra de Baza), belonging to the subspecies nevadensis. These populations are isolated in high mountains, which tends to protect them from the attack of a severe defoliating Mediterranean pest, the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa. However, as ...

The position of Persian language and literature in Ottoman’s 19th century literature and historical developments

With the spread of western reforms in the 13th/9th century, Ottoman’s literature was reformed either. To reform Ottoman literature, they decided to transform the Ottoman language and literature relations with Persian language and literature. On one hand, they considered problems of Ottoman literature regarding Pindaric and its inefficiency for entering new areas such as novel, drama, and journa...

Amounts of litter fall in some pine forests in a European transect , in particular Scots pine

Pine litter fall data, mainly needle litter, were available for 64 plots in a transect from the Arctic Circle in Fennoscandia (41 plots) to southern Spain (22 further plots in continental Europe) and one in the American Midwest). Data originated from a total of eight pine species. Regressions were calculated mainly for needle litter fall and to some extent for total litter fall. We obtained a h...

Commentary: body weight and mortality in the late 19th century.

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. New York: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1943. 8 Czerniawski AM. From average to ideal: the evolution of the height and weight table in the united states, 1836-1943. Social Sci History 2007;31:273–96. 9 James M. The Metropolitan Life: A Study in Business Growth. New York: The Viking Press, 1947. 10 Dublin L, Lotka AJ. Twenty-Five Years of Health Progre...

The Chronicle of Arsenic Poisoning in the 19th Century